minorities influence majority opinion primarily through

Moscovici, S., Lage, E. and Naffrechoux, M. (1969). Consider various human rights groups in history and in the present (civil rights movement in the 60s, LGBT rights, women's voting rights, Black Lives Matter, etc.). Eur. Prislin, R., Davenport, C., Xu, Y., Moreno, R., and Honeycutt, N. (2018). Social influence in groups, in APA Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology. He is the author of The New Minority: White Working Class Politics in an Age of Immigration and Inequality and the forthcoming book Majority Minority.. Differential Contributions of Majority and Minority Influence. Eur. The motives of a minority, as perceived by other individuals, can also affect the influence it is able to exert on the majority. Terrorism as a tactic of minority influence, in Coping With Minority Status: Responses to Exclusion and Inclusion. To the extent that acceptance means a state of cognitive merging with a group (Baumeister and Leary, 1995), it cannot be satisfied through acquiescence, which implies affiliation, not integration, with others. It involves an individual or minority of a population persuading other members to accept their argument, even if this contradicts the more popular view held by the majority. Given the racialized nature of our political parties, it also has electoral consequences. Whereas numerous other factors may be proposed, they likely covary with the included factors of time, competitive influence dynamics, and motivation. It encompasses attitudinal reactions (e.g., growing concerns about climate change), behavioral reactions (e.g., growing use of a clean energy), political impact (e.g., Green parties, which exist in most democratic systems, have entered into several coalition governments, taking premierships in some), and structural changes (e.g., laws mandating elimination of climate-damaging emission by a certain date have been passed in several countries).1. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.53.1.41. Yet, most studies on social influence, including minority influence, are one-time affairs that examine the effects of single appeals or single group encounters at a discrete point in time. Brewer and M. Hewstone (Oxford, UK: Blackwell), 136164. Soc. Prislin, R. (2010). Consensual Action by Small Groups. F. Butera and J. M. Levine (Cambridge University Press), 333353. A) public compliance B) obedience to authority C) ideomotor action D) informational social influence Correct Answer: Access For Free Review Later With much of the competition between the races reducing itself to the warfare of the cradle, he wrote in 1894, no race has any chance to win a great place unless it consists of good breeders as well as of good fighters.. So, it was not so equally balanced as it was again in Punjab and Bengal. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.86.6.1191, De Groeve, B., and Rosenfeld, D. L. (2022). Finally, a separate but still very much cognitive line of inquiry has focused on the styles of thinking inspired by minority (vs. majority) pressures, examining thought modality (e.g., Nemeth, 1986) and complexity (e.g., Gruenfeld, 1995). Sindhi Muslims had a much larger majority of about seventy-4 percent. WebJenna_Cuthbertson Terms in this set (10) Minorities influence majority opinion primarily through informational social influence. In a country whose history has been shaped by the boundaries among racial groups, this projected demographic shift is undoubtedly important. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.95.2.189. Nemeth, C. J. Soc. Prez, J. Latan, B., and Nowak, A. Lest we succumb to the same trap, it is worth remembering that every social change, including those that turned disastrous for the world (e.g., Nazi movement), was originated by a minority. Strength from weakness: The fate of opinion minorities in spatially distributed groups, in Understanding Group Behavior. They map on the reasons discussed earlier for strapping minority influence research in the Procrustean bed of the cognitive processing approach, which, along with serious logistic challenges, effectively eliminated time as a variable in this line of research. Juliet is in a committed romantic relationship with Romeo, but her parents have forbidden her to date him any longer. From 1845 to 1854, an influx of Irish people arrived on the East Coast that outnumbered immigrants from all other countries since 1776 combined. Instead, it (1955). In a test of the above-mentioned hypothesis 2, variations in minority and majority sources persuasibility were examined as a function of their targets responsiveness to their influence appeals (Prislin et al., 2011). Psychol. Minority Influence: An Agenda for Study of Social Change D. Albarracn, B. T. Johnson, and M. P. Zanna (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum), 671706. Although they are distinct compliance strategies, the "that's not all" and "door in the face" techniques share a common mechanism. Emily is in a good mood. In 2015, the Census Bureau published a report projecting that by 2044, the United States white majority would become merely a white plurality: immigration and fertility trends would lead to Americas ethnic and racial minorities outnumbering its white population. Integration or acceptance presumes integration with others into the same category, not giving in to others to join their category (Brewer, 1991). Justin Gest (@_JustinGest) is an associate professor of policy and government at George Mason Universitys Schar School of Policy and Government. A study of minorities as victims. Contact Us Psychol. Through a historical lens, being white in America today is like belonging to a once-exclusive social club that had to loosen its membership criteria to stay afloat. In Roosevelts understanding, Americans were born through no document; they were made by their encounters with the wilderness and their cultivation of strength, individualism and democratic community their commitment to a set of principles. (eds.) Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. C. K. de Dreu and N. K. de Vries (Oxford, UK: Blackwell), 229257. Changement dattitude, influence minoritaire et courants sociaux [Attitude change, minority influence and social trends]. Vol. Martin, R., and Hewstone, M. (2008). Online communication is indirect and remote, so it is easier to harm others. ed. His masterful analysis of change in practically every domain of human activity invariably diagnosed minority influence in its origin. Toward a theory of conversion behavior, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Majority and minority influence: A single process, in Group Consensus and Minority Influence: Implications for Innovation. The findings suggest that the perceived confidence of a minority to make decisions independently of the group can lead to other individuals giving more consideration to its views. These findings document how social constructions of influence attempts and group memberships evolve over time, as do reactions to subsequent changes. Home Social identification, self-categorization and social influence. Several integrative models profitably combine the information processing and social identity approaches, capitalizing on their complementary strengths (Prez and Mugny, 1996; Crano, 2001). Whilst minority influenceinvolves a challenge to popular opinion and group norms, it can serve the interests of the wider population in the long term. Prislin, R., and Christensen, P. N. (2009). Soc. eds. Our history shows that Americas demographic boundaries evolve with the countrys composition. WebPeople who hold a minority view tend to change the majority opinion through a. normative social influence. Jury trials: psychology and law, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. It is possible that we are now in the process of similarly altering our conception of whiteness again. Minority influence: A meta-analytical review of social influence processes. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. People who identify as white hold disproportionate power and resources today, and this pernicious reality seems unlikely to change even if white people do become a 49 percent plurality in about two decades. After the arrival of millions of Irish, the 15th Amendment enfranchised millions of African American men in 1870. Midterm 3 study guide Flashcards | Chegg.com Hence, the proposed agenda focuses on time, interactive, and motivated influence as critical explanatory variables to address in the next phase of research on minority influence in the pursuit of social change. 1. eds. However, if we are to overcome the division that defined our past, we must stop reinforcing the salience of those boundaries in the future. Moscovici, S. (1980). The leniency contract and persistence of majority and minority influence. This poses an additional challenge to applying many insights from the prevailing literature on a minority impact toward a social-psychological understanding of social change. The model postulates that the many comparative advantages of the majority position over the minority position generally result in the former being preferred over the later. Length of time it takes to effect social change may vary but social change is always a process of evolution. doi: 10.1177/1948550610377238, Prislin, R., Brewer, M., and Wilson, D. J. They exist in research on minority influence, too. 2, 5158. Gordijn et al (2002) found that a minority was less influential when the number of members expressing an opinion remained constant or decreased, compared to when members perceived the minority to be increasing in numbers. How do they shape their influence strategies over time? Eur. Status, ideology, and integrative complexity on the US Supreme Court: rethinking the politics of decision making. Psychological processes in social action, in APA Handbook of Personality and social Psychology. eds. Newcomers as change agents: Minority influence in task groups, in Minority Influence and Innovation: Antecedents, Processes and Consequences. A., Busceme, S., and Blackstone, T. (1994). According to reactance theory. Soon to win the White House, Theodore Roosevelt found these developments alarming. Rather, I am arguing that we should place far less stock in the importance of the results to the future of our country. eds. R. Martin and M. Hewstone (New York: Psychology Press), 285312. (1983). In contrast to these sources, those who were consistently rejected to remain in a minority, as well as those who lost social support to be turned from a majority to a minority (majority minority), lost much of their persuasive efficacy over time. At best, and even that rarely, they are assessed twice, with a second assessment intended to detect the hypothesized delayed effect of minority influence on a focal point of its advocacy (David and Turner, 1996; Crano and Chen, 1998, Study 1; 1999). Psychol. How have norm-based approaches been used to curb binge drinking on college campuses? It was this insight into the role of minorities that made Moscovici a luminary in social psychology. Vol. The field took notice. 42, 2530. a request to donate to a charitable organization. (2011). Front. informational social influence because it happens when a person conforms to gain A. Kruglanski and W. Stroebe (New York: Psychology Press), 321339. Minority influence: From groups to attitudes and back again, in Minority Influence and Innovation: Antecedents, Processes and Consequences. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.68.1.5. Rev. Latan, B. eds. Because gains are experienced less intensely than the comparable losses (Kahneman and Tversky, 1979), changes away from the minority position should elicit positive reactions that are weaker than negative reactions to changes away from the majority positions. Psychol. Vol. And there is precious little evidence of real solidarity among Americas diverse minority ethnic groups. Nemeth, C. J., and Walacher, J. J. Pers. Consistency in these findings about the reciprocity of social influence suggests that majorities are able to influence not only because they have social support as an argument, as it is axiomatically discussed in the social influence literature, but also because social support enables them to generate convincing arguments. Two lines of research: One on group decision-making, and another on the impact that newcomers to groups make, provide alternative approaches to the study of minority influence.4 Within these lines of research, minority influence is addressed in the context of interacting groups, with minority and majority positions publicly advocated and hence, memberships in minority and majority factions actively experienced. How ingratiation techniques are used to persuade people. Butera, F., and Levine, J. M. During the 1910s, the suffragette movement challenged the status quo, which restricted the right to vote to male citizens. Majority influence, for instance, is a normative influence, leading to individuals complying with the norms of the majority. Revels in Groups: Dissent, Deviance, Difference, and Defiance. Overcoming the obstacles that moved minority influence research away from elucidating social change is a greater challenge. Levine, J. M., and Prislin, R. (2013). The proposed agenda focuses on time, interactive (minority majority), and motivated influence as critical explanatory variables to address in the next phase of research on minority influence in the pursuit of social change. 14. ed. Take our 5-minute anger test to find out if you're angry! Majority versus minority influence, message processing, and attitude change: The source-context-elaboration model, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. What kind of social influence can. Vol. Social influence is the perpetual competition that shapes social relations by targeting social attitudes. A history of social influence research, in The Handbook of the History of Social Psychology. The Changing Racial and Ethnic Composition of the U.S. Electorate 93, 2332. J. Exp. 31, 595609. Elites efforts at influence are likely to be directed toward preserving, not changing, the status quo. Clark, R. D. and Maas, A. (1990). How is that private change communicated over time? Intergroup Relat. reciprocal concessions (door-in-the-face). 53, 4152. doi: 10.1177/1088868314546489, Gruenfeld, D. H. (1995). eds. doi: 10.1111/sipr.12072. Psychol. Which leaves us with the persistent publish or perish culture that discourages high-stakes, time-consuming, logistically demanding, group-oriented research, especially if it is longitudinal. 13. ed. The dynamic nature of this process is additionally evident in its competitive nature as minorities and majorities contest each other while advancing their own position. Rigidity and minority influence: The influence of the social in social influences, in Perspectives on Minority Influence. Pers. Whereas most minorities seek social change, they do so for a variety of reasons that originate from a variety of disadvantageous social, economic, and psychological conditions. Soc. Curr. J. Pers. There is no frontier anymore, but the grind of modern capitalism is just as stern a forge for fashioning American identity. A. Psychology approaches, theories and studies explained, Access 2,200+ insightful pages of psychology explanations & theories, Insights into the way we think and behave, Body Language & Dream Interpretation guides. Creative problem solving as a result of majority vs minority influence. Gordijn, E. H., de Vries, N. K. and de Dreu, C. K. W. (2002). Change via conversion tends to weaken a group, at least immediately in its aftermath, as evident in former majoritys (majority minority) dramatic decrease in group attachment and loyalty but former minoritys (minority majority) only mild increase in attachment and loyalty to the group. Itslike in the Milgramstudies in which people were less eds. L. Berkowitz (New York: Academic Press), 149202. At what point in time does it become public and sufficiently substantial to change social relations and social structure within a group? (eds.) Seeking conversion versus advocating tolerance in pursuit of social change. When a minority opinion is introduced, people are more Around the turn of the 20th century, American leaders began to recognize the accumulating effects of immigration and civil rights. One should never waste a good crisis. The Soc. Figure 1. His subsequent conversion theory (Moscovici, 1980) focused exclusively on cognitive processes underlying minority vs. majority influence and the resultant nature of attitudinal (not social!) (2001). Cultural drift, indirect minority influence, network structure, and their impacts on cultural change and diversity. Rev. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.115.3.323, Wood, W., Pool, G. J., Leck, K., and Purvis, D. (1996). Research on group-decision making has elucidated the probability of any one faction prevailing as a function of types of decision tasks (Laughlin and Ellis, 1986), and shared cognitions and motivations (Brodbeck et al., 2007; Tindale et al., 2013), especially in the context of jury decision-making (Tindale et al., 2004), and organizational decision-making (De Dreu and West, 2001). Studies in self-categorization and minority conversion: Is being a member of the out-group an advantage? An individual who associates the group with hippies and protests may find it difficult to identify with the group at the time, but over many years, the groups views become mainstream and the person becomes more environmentally conscientious. (2009). 35, 179199. To ensure that only unique empirical studies were counted, care was taken not to double-count studies that were published in journals and later summarized in book chapters or vice versa. eds. Procedural mechanisms and jury behavior, in Applied Social Psychology. 86, 11911201. A look at common defense mechanisms we employ to protect the ego. Wed like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. Maass et al (1982) found that, when a minority is seen as acting in its own self-interests or an individuals attempts at persuasion are perceived as being motivated by personal gain, other members are more likely to dismiss their opinions. doi: 10.1037/h0046408. Minority Influence on Focal and Related Attitudes: Change in Size, Attributions, and Information Processing. The status quo in these arenas is first broken by the rebellious few. Studies done in this tradition have generated valuable insights into the nature and outcomes of minority influence, specifying conditions under which a minority exerts influence and the processing underlying such influence. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Conformity OBJ: 9.2D MSC: Remembering M. B. Bulletin Swisse des Psychologues 7, 36. G. Barnett and F. F. Boster, (Ablex), 4374. If there are reasons for optimism, they include signs of an increasing theoretical and methodological diversity in our discipline. This study examined reactions to minority and majority positions that were either stable or reversed through group conversion that transformed opponents 88, 438453. Psychol. Measure your stress levels with this 5-minute stress test. In the subsequent decades, scores of studies have tested (Wood et al., 1994), expanded (Nemeth and Walacher, 1983; De Dreu and West, 2001), and challenged (Latan and Wolf, 1981; Tanford and Penrod, 1984) Moscovicis ideas. Anyone can read what you share. In the group, confederates were instructed to misidentify the slides as being green, contrary to participants own observations. J. M. Levine and M. A. Hogg (Sage), 566570. ^Whereas every social change originates from minorities, it does not mean that every minority invariably seeks social change. A theoretical framework for understanding character judgments of vegan advocates. Real-life exampleswhere minority influence affects the majoritywithin a group include: The suffragette movement, which sought to gain the right to vote for women in the UK in the early 20th Century. The challenge may be great but not insurmountable. Papastamou, S., and Mugny, G. (1985).

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