hydrocephalus in dogs survival rate

Omeprazole works on the tissues in the ventricles in the brain that produce spinal fluid by stopping the pumps that push fluid out. Survival in untreated hydrocephalus is poor. Brain tumor is the most common cause of acquired hydrocephalus, but not all cases of acquired hydrocephalus are caused by tumors. WebIn one study, 53 percent of 564 hydrocephalic dogs showed clinical signs by age 1.1 In severely affected dogs, signs may be noticeable before 3 months of age. Hydrocephalus treatment is always expensive and many owners opt to euthanize the dog. Without treatment, hydrocephalus almost always causes death. In general, toy or small breeds and brachycephalic dog breeds tend to be more susceptible to hydrocephalus due to the confirmation of their heads. There is no treatment and affected foals are aborted, stillborn, or born with severe neurological issues. She recently moved back home to an island of 2,000 people with her partner Ian and their rescue terrier Pixie. Advanced diagnostic imaging options are computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which veterinary radiologists perform. Here's What It Might Mean, Diuretics to increase the outflow of CSF and decrease CSF production. However, how this plan can be best achieved depends on various factors such as age and severity of symptoms as well as the type/severity of hydrocephalus being treated. But that last few days he's gotten worse. Surgery has a 50% to 90% success rate in animals with hydrocephalus. Some dogs show no symptoms at all of hydrocephalus. Prognosis for severe congenital hydrocephalus is usually guarded as clinical signs are often severe at presentation. 43 Safe People Food, Shih Tzu 10 Vital Dog Breed Information. Hydrocephalus must be treated early to have the best chance of success. Commonly referred to as "water on the brain" or apple head, this abnormal accumulation puts pressure on the brain and, thus, damages the cerebral cortex by it against the skulls bones leading to neurological symptoms, which typically start around 6 to 12 weeks. Steroids such as prednisolone and dexamethasone, Proton-pump inhibitors such as omeprazole. Wellness lets pet parents compare insurance plans from leading companies like PetPlan and Trupanion. Emergencies: Open 24 hours a day. Diagnosing acquired hydrocephalus is not as straightforward, particularly because other diseases can cause similar symptoms. However, the strong breed predilection suggests a hereditary basis in many of these dogs. All rights reserved. The most common cause of acquired hydrocephalus is a brain tumor, which usually affects older dogs (5). Hydrocephalus is a neurological disease in which there is excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricular system of the brain. Be prepared to spend several thousand dollars for the surgery. You'll need to protect your dog from injuries, and he won't be able This causes brain swelling and is often referred to as water on the brain. After Lexi was diagnosed with hydrocephalus, Lai contacted her breeder and discovered Lexis dam had a second hydrocephalic puppy in her next litter. She currently splits her time between part-time clinical practice and freelance writing, as well as serving on her county Board of Health. Tiny dogs with dome-shaped heads are at risk for a brain problem called hydrocephalus. The most common cause of acquired hydrocephalus is a brain tumor, which usually affects older dogs (, Large, open fontanel (or soft spot) in the skull, Difficulty in house training or learning basic commands, Head pressing against a surfaceusually a wall or corner, Medications to Treat Hydrocephalus in Dogs. dangerous condition. Increased pressure in the skull will press on the brain tissues and can lead to permanent brain damage or cause death. The veterinarian will examine the dogs appearance and interactions with and response to stimuli. Treatment depends on the type and cause. There are many symptoms of hydrocephalus in dogs for breeders and owners to watch for. This buildup increases pressure on the brain and can cause severe brain damage if not detected and treated early. Keep your veterinarian informed of any changes in your dogs condition. birth, or tumors in the central nervous system. Mild cases are sometimes treatable with medication, but puppies born with the condition are often euthanized because surgery is expensive. Skull sutures, which join the bony plates in the skull and allow movement between the developing skull bones, should close at maturity. It results in the appearance of a dome-shaped head. Common complications include shunt migration from the skull, mechanical failure, infection and occlusion of the shunt. It may require medications or surgery. Rivers W J & In extreme cases, supportive care may be the only course of action to keep your dog comfortable. The recovery time will depend on the severity of the hydrocephalus. Medicine to decrease production of cerebral spinal fluid is often the first treatment option, especially in dogs with mild to moderate disease. This involves placing the ultrasound probe over the soft spot, where the skull hasnt formed correctly, allowing your veterinarian to see the brain. Brought to you by Pet Insurer, Wag! The prognosis for Hydrocephalus in dogs will depend on the specific case. He shows most of the symptoms I've found such as a large head, increased vocalization, walking in circles, unfused forehead, restless behavior, etc. the brain that's damage, the amount of damage that occurs, the age of Its a serious condition that can result in permanent brain damage or death. Hydrocephalus pathogenesis is unknown. Congenital means the condition is present at birth and is often the result of genetics. Here's What It Might Mean. The Vet-Approved Guide for New Dog Owners, Spotting, Diagnosing and Treating Hypothyroidism in Dogs, Purebred vs. Mixed-Breed Dogs: A Vet Weighs In. 2022 Vetstreet. Treatment depends on the severity of the condition and the disease progression. In most cases, hydrocephalus in dogs cannot be prevented. Vetstreet.com delivers advice from veterinarians, trainers and pet experts who are dedicated to giving you the most trusted, authoritative information for keeping pets healthy and happy. Older dogs with acquired hydrocephalus have a more guarded prognosis because of the severity of the underlying condition (e.g., brain tumor). He'd play with his siblings and would play with us,however he always seemed odd, just more reserved not all there all the time, we chalked it up to being shy. They are less likely to have the eye signs, fontanel or domed head, and the signs are often more severe than in the young puppies. Besides taking him to the vet what can I do in the mean time to help him. Hydrocephalus is a condition in which there is too much cerebrospinal fluid. The excess fluid causes a dome-shaped skull in puppies and neurological signs. Signs can be quite severe and usually result in a shortened lifespan. Hydrocephalus is most commonly seen in breeds that tend to have dome-shaped heads. However, recovered dogs can be left with sequelae. Sometimes, brain activity is checked using electroencephalography (an EEG), although this is not available to all veterinarians. the womb or shortly after birth, injury before, during or soon after CSF occupies the space in the cranial cavity that typically would be packed with brain parenchyma as the parenchymal destruction happens secondary to senile atrophy of the brain or ischemic event. The central nervous system is bathed in cerebrospinal fluid that is secreted by chambers inside the brain. Sign up and make sure you are always on top of the most important info for you and your pets. If they are implanted in small puppies, they often require replacement as the dog grows. He sleeps funny too. housebreaking) loss of coordination, visual deficits and seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the preferred imaging technique for diagnosis of hydrocephalus. This will require your dog to be placed under general anesthesia since dogs need to stay very, very still for the test. I am bringing him to the vet today, but I cannot afford surgery. Puppies with congenital hydrocephalus may look normal at birth other than a dome-shaped skull, wide-set eyes, and possibly an open fontanel (soft spot on top of the head). At first she came out of them in about 30 seconds, but it escalated and toward the end of her life the seizures were coming in clusters, Lai says. There are two main ways to treat hydrocephalus in dogs: . Its not a definitive cure, says West. Is the added expense worth the trouble to insure your beloved pet? Ultrasound is a good option for puppies with an open fontanel because the open fontanel would allow your veterinarian to see your dog's brain. Many normal, healthy dogs have fontanels, but if a dog has hydrocephalus, there is a good chance is has open fontanels too. Dogs that have been diagnosed with acquired hydrocephalus have varying recovery times and prognoses depending on the underlying cause and the ability to treat the condition. For dogs suffering from severe hydrocephalus, however, their shortened lifespan could result in death at any moment. WebThe term hydrocephalus is derived from two words: "hydro," meaning water, and "cephalus," referring to the head. Join the fastest-growing email membership in pet care! If your dog has acquired hydrocephalus, the only option is to find the cause of the condition and try to treat it. Daily Paws is part of the Meredith National Digital Network. After examining your dog, your veterinarian will want to perform imaging tests of your dogs brain, including ultrasound. (Picture Credit: Fairfax Media/Fairfax Media via Getty Images). Spinal Muscular Atrophy (Motor Neuron Disease). WebThe word hydrocephalus translates to water on the brain.. Currently, there isnt a cure for hydrocephalus, but it can be treated. These dogs may be born with few symptoms which then worsen over time, which is why this form is sometimes considered to be a mild hydrocephalus in dogs. These imaging tests can provide a definitive diagnosis of hydrocephalus because they provide crucial information about internal brain structure and function that cannot be determined other ways. Ultrasound is a good option for puppies with an open fontanel because the open fontanel would allow your veterinarian to see your dogs brain. are some of the symptoms of hydrocephalus in dogs: In very young dogs, where the bones of the skull are still soft, Its important to see your vet at the first signs of hydrocephalus and allow them to determine the best course of action. thinking, or unusually excitable. For idiopathic causes, the reliable ways to prevent the condition are not yet known. Hydrocephalus in Dogs Life Expectancy Life expectancy for dogs with hydrocephalus varies depending on the age, type, and severity of the disease. Tumors or other abnormalities will be seen on the various scans being performed. Considerable risks and potential complications are associated with this procedure, so be sure to thoroughly discuss the benefits and risks of shunts with your veterinarian. Who doesn't love the cute face of a Chihuahua, with their dome-shaped heads and wide-set eyes? Hydrocephalus refers to water in the brain or overdistension of the ventricular system from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulation. All Rights Reserved. The survival rate for dogs with hydrocephalus largely depends on their condition's severity. Though EEGs are useful, they are generally only available at veterinary referral centers. If your veterinarian refers you to a specialist, be sure to follow-up with any visits set by either your veterinarian or your veterinary specialist. Find the pawfect plan for your pet in just a few clicks! This means that the skull itself is blocking the outflow of CSF. Onset and rate of progression of clinical signs is variable in dogs and cats with diagnosed congenital hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus certainly sounds scary, but knowing what it looks like and how it can be treated will help you get your dog the treatment they need if they have this condition. Congenital hydrocephalus is more common than acquired hydrocephalus. WebOver 75% of these dogs have been reported to have housebreaking difficulty. Hydrocephalus is more difficult to diagnose in adult dogs, as other conditions can cause similar signs. The cost to diagnose and treat or manage hydrocephalus in dogs is expensive and pet parents should prepare themselves for the costs of diagnostic tests, monthly medications, or surgery. These dog training tips will help you get started. Symptoms of hydrocephalus in dogs vary depending on the the area of He extends his head out and his paws out as far they can unless I put him in my bed then he'll lay just his head on my pillow and lay on his side and he'll stay there for hours. Hydrocephalus In Dogs Life Expectancy September 30, 2022 by Neoma Stark Hydrocephalus, more commonly known as water on the brain, is a disease that affects a wide range of species. Directions. Supportive Care: Rest and hospital care for dogs as they fight the disease. By carefully considering all these conditions and your veterinarian's advice, you can craft a tailored therapeutic strategy to give your dog its best chance at recovery! A tumor of the brain is the most common cause of hydrocephalus in adult dogs. Hydrocephalus is a condition where cerebrospinal fluid builds up in a dogs skull, putting pressure on the brain. Sign up and make sure you are always on top of the most important info for you and your pets. WebHydrocephalus is a condition where cerebrospinal fluid builds up in a dogs skull, putting pressure on the brain. Prevent your dogs from becoming overweight and maintain a healthy weight. Shes fascinated by the human-animal bond and believes the best way to help your pets is by helping you to understand them from the inside out. In hydrocephalus, this fluid is unable to drain away properly and increases pressure on the brain. Well, those adorable faces put Chihuahuas and other little dogs at risk of a brain condition called hydrocephalus, also known as "water on the brain.". Hydrocephalus is the buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain. This surgery requires a brain surgeon and is usually expensive, so many dogs never receive it and are euthanized, instead. Puppies with congenital hydrocephalus generally do well, once treatment has begun and if there has not been severe brain damage. This means that the skull itself is blocking the outflow of CSF. CSF away from the brain. There are also reports of parasitic (3) and fungal infestations (4) and immune dysfunctions causing hydrocephalus. Columbia Resources: Ways to Refresh While You Wait, Wentzville Resources: Ways to Refresh While You Wait, Referring Veterinarian Satisfaction Survey, Small Animal Internal Medicine Consultation Form. Anti-seizure Medications: Omeprazole, Fiurosemide acetazolamide. Many of the recovered dogs will be clumsier and suffer from learning and coordination problems. Dogs need to be anesthetized for these tests. It happens when cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) cannot drain properly and it increases pressure on the brain. Surgery typically involves implanting a shunt to remove fluid from the brain and relocating it to another location in the body, usually the abdominal cavity. The goal is to reduce theinflammation or the production of cerebrospinal fluid. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and radionuclide ventriculography were performed in 5 dogs with congenital ciliary dysfunction (CDD) and 3 normal dogs. reduce the amount of fluid within the brain, but it won't cure the condition. However, if the condition is severe, more intensive treatments may be necessary, but even this doesnt guarantee success. Lai is a passionate enthusiast who fell in love with the breeds larger-than-life personality. A CT scan or MRI scan will determine the exact source of the fluid build up. 573-882-6857; After Hours: 573-882-4589 Complications in cats (n = 13) were coiling of the shunt in the SC tissue (2/13; 15.4%); kinking (1/13; 7.7%); and shunt obstruction (1/13; 7.7%). This birth defect makes the skull looks domed or apple-shaped and has a large open fontanel at the top of the skull. Lateral deviation of the eyes is common in congenital hydrocephalus. When a veterinarian diagnoses hydrocephalus, he or she bases the determination on physical, behavioral and neurological signs. Here's what you should know about this I had to get her into a dark room by herself, stroke her and keep her calm. Secondary hydrocephalus in dogs (acquired hydrocephalus) can occur for a number of reasons. Remember, congenital hydrocephalus cannot be cured. This force then causes the bones of the head to widen and break apart, leaving its brain powerless against potential trauma or even death. Heres what you may notice: These symptoms tend to be severe in older dogs with acquired hydrocephalus. TheChihuahua,Manchester Terrier,Toy PoodleandYorkshire Terrierare also predisposed to hydrocephalus. When Lai acquired Lil Miracles Fancy Lexus from a breeder at 6 months old, she weighed just 1.5 pounds. Anticonvulsants may be necessary to control seizures. Hydrocephalus is an excessive accumulation of fluid in the brain. Usually, vets prescribe corticosteroids this purpose. Our custom-made pet prosthetics are designed to fit your pet's needs, giving them the mobility and freedom they need to enjoy all their favorite activities. WebHydrocephalus is the excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within cavities of your brain called ventricles. Its extremely variable, says Chad West, D.V.M., DACVIM, a neurologist at Animal Medical Center in New York City. Advanced diagnostic imaging options are computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which veterinary radiologists perform. to fly or change altitudes, since changes in atmospheric pressure could For mild to moderate hydrocephalus (usually congenital hydrocephalus), treatment will begin with medications: Surgical placement of a shunt is recommended if the hydrocephalus is severe (usually acquired hydrocephalus) or isn't responding adequately to medications. Heres what you need to know about why cats purr and what your cat may be telling you when her motor is running. Although hydrocephalus often is described as "water on the Omega 3 fatty acid foods (salmon, cod, Sardines, Mackerel, halibut, Herring, etc). The number of people who develop hydrocephalus or who are currently living with it is difficult to establish because the condition occurs in children and adults and can develop later in life. Have you ever cared for a dog with hydrocephalus? However, as the CSF builds up in the brain, other symptoms become apparent. In some instances, the vet may also perform electroencephalography (EEG), which detects electrical activity in the dogs brain and a cerebrospinal fluid analysis, which measures chemicals in the dogs spinal fluid. clean the tissues of the brain. The prognosis for dogs diagnosed with hydrocephalus varies depending on the cause. WebMedian survival time for all dogs was 320 days (1-2340 days), for dogs with idiopathic hydrocephalus, 274 (60-420) days and for dogs with secondary hydrocephalus, 365 (1 When fluid builds up, there is no room in the brain for extra volume and disaster can result. The main treatment goals are to stop CSF buildup in the brain and reduce symptoms. It is really heartbreaking, says Nanette Lai of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, whose Chihuahua Lexi suffered from hydrocephalus. It is often seen in dogs and can cause a variety of neurological symptoms. Toy breeds are more prone to this disease Dogs can be born with hydrocephalus or acquire it as a result of tumors, viral infections, or fungal infections. The term encephalitis refers to an inflammation of the brain. Let our authors & experts know what you think. Copyright 2023 Meredith Corporation. Surgical complications include shunt blockage and infection within the shunt. When the condition is caught early, before brain damage occurs, dogs with hydrocephalus can respond well to treatment. Hydrocephalus literally means water on the brain. Chihuahuas and some other toy breeds are predisposed to this serious condition in which water, or actually cerebrospinal fluid, builds up pressure in the brain causing brain damage and often early death. But a brain tumor carries a far worse prognosis and it may be challenging for these dogs to recover or live a normal life. Aqueductal stenosis, a narrowing of the aqueduct of Sylvius is one of the most common causes. Dr. Marty Becker. Mortality: The (which may also be caused secondary hydrocephalus or obstructive hydrocephalus) occurs in older animals, when inflammation, infections, or tumors grow and block the outflow of the CSF. If you see these signs or any of the following symptoms in your dog or puppy, consult your vet immediately: There are different causes of hydrocephalus in dogs depending on whether the condition is congenital or acquired later in life. Medication can also help reduce the amount of fluid within the brain, but it won't cure the condition. When you have come across any of the hydrocephalus characteristics in your dog, contact the vet for an appropriate diagnosis and treatment protocol. www.ivis.org. Congenital hydrocephalus is a common distinct entity in some toy and brachycephalic breeds (e.g. We love all pets & our vision is to educate the pet loving community/pet owners, through content produced by our dedicated editorial team. Be sure to follow the instructions on any medications prescribed to your dog for hydrocephalus. Usually, the presence of a large open fontanel and lack of coordination when walking will give your veterinarian an idea of what to look for. He started walking in circles and almost tripping over his own feet. There have been some case reports of hydrocephalus occurring as a result of infections, such as the parainfluenza virus (2). Signs of hydrocephalus Chihuahua owners may recognize include delayed motor control, confusion, dullness, sleepiness, aggression, poor house-training skills, an altered gait, and circling or falling over. This is important to ensure that any contributing causes are treated. Congenital hydrocephalus is more common in small breed dogs, particularly in brachycephalic (short-faced) breeds and those with a domed head. There are few obvious symptoms, until the puppy is walking and eating on their own. Press the space key then arrow keys to make a selection. Treatment Options For Hydrocephalus In Dogs, Causes And Types For Hydrocephalus In Dogs. WebWhat is the prognosis for dogs with hydrocephalus? found on the heads of newborn puppies. imaging test to evaluate the extent of the damage to your dog's brain. hydrocephalus. Miniature Dog Breeds, Toy Dog Breeds, Teacup Dog Breeds, Boston Terrier, English Bulldog, Pekingese, Chihuahua, Manchester Terrier, Toy Poodle, Yorkshire Terrier, Cairn Terrier, Lhasa Apso, Maltese, Pug, Pomeranian. Surgery is a more invasive option, but it can be very effective in relieving symptoms and reducing the amount of fluid buildup. Often it is considered a congenital disease, which means a dog is born with hydrocephalus, but there are others that can be triggered by intracranial inflammatory disease, Vitamin D deficiency, the parainfluenza virus infection, or swelling in the brain or a brain tumor. Hydrocephalus is abnormal expansion and accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in cavities inside the brain. Even When diagnosing hydrocephalus in young dogs, your veterinarian will look at the clinical symptoms to help determine the severity of the hydrocephalus. Also discuss any on-going supportive care that may need to be provided throughout the life of your dog. dog's symptoms, the more unlikely he is to recover. An ultrasound evaluation of the fontanel will show dilation of the brain ventricles. However, in some cases, surgery is the best option for treatment. Severe cases of hydrocephalus will be treated with corticosteroids, anti-seizure medications, furosemide, acetazolamide or omeprazole as needed and as directed by your veterinarian. Failure to learn basic commands or housetrain. For Acquired Hydrocephalus: The treatment plan is based on the underlying condition. The increased pressure within the skull presses on sensitive brain tissues and can lead to permanent, irreversible brain damage and even death. Unfortunately, dogs are one such species, so its important for pet lovers to know at least the basics about it. nose. In puppies with a closed fontanel or in adults, ultrasound is not possible. What do you think would be the best course of action for him? If a dog is having seizures, the vet may administer valium and then prescribe other treatments such as antibiotics, surgery, or steroids, once the dog is stable. When treatment begins early, it can prevent brain damage, and dogs can mostly make a full recovery. Hydrocephalus in dogs, although uncommon, is serious and requires prompt veterinary care to avoid permanent and possibly life-threatening brain damage. Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH): Gradual blocking of CSF drainage causes NPH, which consequently causes slow fluid buildup over time. Hydrocephalus is a medical condition in which fluid accumulates within the brain, leading to an abnormal increase in head size. Sometimes a puppys head will appear enlarged because the skull hasnt fused yet. Snub nosed breeds such as theBoston Terrier,English BulldogandPekingeseare at a higher risk. Treatment Options for Dogs With Hydrocephalus. Protein-Lean chicken or turkey breast, lean beef, cooked fish (salmon, tuna). monitoring_string = "c1299fe10ba49eb54f197dd4f735fcdc", Accidentsin the house or inability to be housebroken. Dr. Cathy Barnette is a small animal veterinarian with 13 years of clinical experience. Hydrocephalus occurs when there is an abnormal amount of cerebrospinal fluid within the skull. For adult dogs, regular vaccination with the parainfluenza vaccine and anti-parasite treatment may prevent some causes of hydrocephalus. Blood tests are an important first step in diagnosing hydrocephalus, as they rule out conditions with similar symptoms and also point to possible causes of hydrocephalus in dogs, such as a viral infection. This condition is particularly common in dome-headed puppies. Then he ran head first into this aluminum container my grandmother collected. Better not skip visits to the vet including yearly once the comprehensive examination. This condition occurs when cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cannot drain properly causing an increase in pressure on the brain. He screams bloody murder for no reason and won't stop unless I pick him up and hold his head firmly to my shoulder. Corticosteroids are commonly used. Let us guide you through the treatments and survival rates for dogs with hydrocephalus, so you can help your furry friend get a happy and lasting life. WebYour dog will need regularly veterinary care for the rest of his life, to help manage his condition. Here The life expectancy for dogs with hydrocephalus depends on several factors, including the dog's age and how severe and longstanding the hydrocephalus is. A dog fence is an important detail to consider when adopting a pet for the first time or moving your dog to a new home. Our custom-made pet prosthetics are designed to fit your pet's needs, giving them the mobility and freedom they need to enjoy all their favorite activities. normal, happy lives. Treatment of hydrocephalus involves addressing the underlying cause. put him at risk for brain damage. This takes down any inflammation and reduces the production of CSF. Hydrocephalus in dogs is a serious and life-threatening condition. It's what he's currently doing. There have been some case reports of hydrocephalus occurring as a result of infections, such as the parainfluenza virus (. ) Hydrocephalus literally translates as water on the brain. Both The drug omeprazole is now being used successfully in dogs to improve this condition by reducing fluid production. Hydrocephalus is an uncommon neurological disorder occurring when the brain is put under severe pressure due to a build-up of fluid. www.ufaw.org.uk/dogs/chihuahua-hydrocephalus. Your vet may prescribe drugs to help decrease the Some dogs have mild hydrocephalus with no signs. This build-up of fluid within the skull will put pressure on the brain and cause severe problems for your dog. Hydrocephalus is known to affect all species with varying frequency, and is more common in dogs than mostalthough still fairly rare. Diagnostic tests, including skull radiographs, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, and electroencephalography (EEG) can confirm the disorder. eyes out of position, making the whites of his eyes visible near the Congenital hydrocephalus is difficult to diagnose in young dogs. Ultrasound can be done through the open sutures or fontanel to see the enlarged ventricles in the brain. occurs in puppies, its something theyre born with and is likely due to a problem during fetal growth. this link is to an external site that may or may not meet accessibility guidelines. Hydrocephalus in dogs has two main types with their own causes. There are two types of hydrocephalus in dogs: Congenital hydrocephalus occurs in puppies, its something theyre born with and is likely due to a problem during fetal growth. For brain tumors, radiation therapy may be used, but for infections, antibiotics and antiviral medications may be required.

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